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The Epic Interactive Encyclopedia 1998
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Epic Interactive Encyclopedia, The - 1998 Edition (1998)(Epic Marketing).iso
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Militia
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1992-09-03
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42 lines
A body of civilian soldiers, usually with
some military training, who are on call in
emergencies, distinct from professional
soldiers. In Switzerland, the militia is the
national defence force, and every able-bodied
man is liable for service in it. In the UK
the Territorial Army and in the USA the
National Guard have supplanted earlier
voluntary militias. After the Restoration,
the militia fell into neglect, but it was
reorganized in 1757, and was relied upon for
home defence during the French wars. In the
19th century it extended its activities,
serving in the Peninsular, Crimean, and South
African wars. In 1852 it adopted a volunteer
status, and in 1908 it was merged with the
Territorial Army and the Special Reserve
forces, to supplement the regular army, and
ceased to exist as a separate force. In
England in the 9th century King Alfred
established the first militia, or fyrd, in
which every freeman was liable to serve.
After the Norman Conquest a feudal levy was
established in which landowners were
responsible for raising the men required.
This in turn led to the increasing use of the
general levy by English kings to combat the
growing power of the barons. In the 16th
century, under such threats as the Spanish
Armada, plans for internal defence relied
increasingly on the militia, or what came to
be called `trained bands', of the general
levy. The US National Guard are trained and
armed for deployment abroad as well as for
disaster relief at home. In addition, at
least 24 states by 1989 had paramilitary
unpaid volunteer forces, generally known as
state defence forces, chartered to suppress
`civil disorders', fight `terrorists and
saboteurs', and occupy `key facilities' in
case of open dissent at home.